Innovative and Sustainable Cultivation Techniques for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Efficiency in Cotton Production: Comprehensive Review
Abstract
One of the world's biggest crops, cotton (Gossypium spp.) is liked for its oilseed and textile goods. However, abiotic stressors such as dry period, salinity, tropical heat and heavy metal toxicity continue to pose problems for its farming. These stressors diminish metabolic and physiological processes which remarkably reduce the yield and quality. This study looks at innovative and environmentally responsible ways to increase cotton's resistance to abiotic stresses and boost production efficiency. Understanding physiological and molecular mechanisms specifically, the functions of transcription factors like WRKY and MYB heat shock proteins and ABA and ROS signaling pathways that help to lessen the consequences of stress is one of the significant progress. Breeding efforts supported by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection are being complemented by the use of modern biotechnological technologies like as RNA interference, transgenic genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system, and multi-omics approaches. Agronomic techniques that have been shown to be successful in stabilizing cellular structures and improving photosynthetic performance under stress include potassium supplementation, growth regulators and osmoprotectants. Targeting intricate stress-response circuits, cutting-edge technologies such as transient gene expression systems and CRISPR base editing allow for precise genetic alterations. Despite these evolution, creating cost-effective, stress-tolerant cotton cultivars still faces several barriers. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches that combine molecular biology traditional breeding and sustainable farming practices is by this review. In order to adjust cotton production to the reality of climate change and limited resources and eventually make it a more robust and stable agricultural commodity such all-encompassing techniques are important.
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