Cover Image

Role of Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) and Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) plants in phytoremediation and their interaction with a Potyvirus

Papaiah Sardaru, Jayavardhana Rao Yagani, Narasimha Golla

Abstract


Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) and Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard), members of family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) are the most important edible mustard oilseed crops in genera Brassica. Indian mustard and Ethiopian mustard are an important edible oilseed crops in the world used to produce mustard oil. Its leaves are used in African cooking and all plant parts are used in the Indian cuisine, particularly in the mountain regions of Nepal and northern India. Both plants are used in phytoremediation of heavy metals, because of their nature of heavy metal accumalation. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is the main viral pathogen infecting Indian mustard and plant. The focus of the present review is to study the details of phytoremediation capacity of both plants and threat of TuMV in cultivation of Indian mustard and Ethiopian mustard plants.

 


Keywords


Indian mustard, Ethiopian mustard, Heavy metals, phytoremediation and Turnip mosaic virus

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alemayehu, N. and Becker, H. Genotypic diversity and patterns of variation in a germplasm material of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol, 49 (2002): 573-582.

Antunes, A. P. M., Watkins, G. M. and Duncan, J. R. Batch studies on the removal of gold(III) from aqueous solution by Azolla filiculoides. Biotechnol. Lett, 23 (2001): 249-251.

Armas, T., Pinto, A. P., de Varennes, A., Mourato, M. P., Martins, L. L., Gonçalves, M. L. S., et al. Comparison of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Brassica juncea in soil and hydroponic cultures. Plant Soil, 388 (2015): 297-305.

Babu, B., Dankers, H., George, S., Wright, D., Marois, J. and Paret, M. First report of Turnip mosaic virus infecting Brassica carinata (Ethiopian Mustard) in the United States. Plant Dis, 97 (2013): 1664-1664.

Baryla, A., Carrier, P., Franck, F., Coulomb, C., Sahut, C. and Havaux, M. Leaf chlorosis in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) grown on cadmium-polluted soil: causes and consequences for photosynthesis and growth. Planta, 212 (2001): 696-709.

Bennicelli, R., Stepniewska, Z., Banach, A., Szajnocha, K. and Ostrowski, J. The ability of Azolla caroliniana to remove heavy metals (Hg(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI)) from municipal waste water. Chemosphere, 55 (2004): 141-146.

Bonanno, G. and Lo Giudice, R. Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the organs of Phragmites australis (common reed) and their potential use as contamination indicators. Ecol, Indicators 10 (2010): 639-645.

Boniardi, N., Rota, R. and Nano, G. Effect of dissolved metals on the organic load removal efficiency of Lemna gibba. Wat. Res, 33 (1999): 530-538.

Bragato, C., Brix, H. and Malagoli, M. Accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel and Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla in a constructed wetland of the Venice lagoon watershed. Environ. Pollut, 144 (2006): 967-975.

Chang, S., Yang, T., Du, T., Huang, Y., Chen, J., Yan, J., et al. Mitochondrial genome sequencing helps show the evolutionary mechanism of mitochondrial genome formation in Brassica. BMC Genomics, 12 (2011): 497-497.

Chen, L., Gao, J., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y. and Yang, Y. Accumulation and output of heavy metals in Spartina alterniflora in a salt marsh. Pedosphere In Press, Accepted Manuscript, (2017).

Cherian, S. and Oliveira, M. M. Transgenic plants in phytoremediation: Recent advances and new possibilities. Environ. Sci. Technol, 39 (2005): 9377-9390.

Chung, B. Y.-W., Miller, W. A., Atkins, J. F. and Firth, A. E. An overlapping essential gene in the Potyviridae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 105 (2008): 5897-5902.

Cohen-Shoel, N., Barkay, Z., Ilzycer, D., Gilath, I. and Tel-Or, E. Biofiltration of toxic elements by Azolla biomass. Water Air Soil Pollut, 135 (2002): 93-104.

Cuypers, A., Karen, S., Jos, R., Kelly, O., Els, K., Tony, R., et al. The cellular redox state as a modulator in cadmium and copper responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. J. Plant Physiol, 168 (2011): 309-316.

Cuypers, A., Plusquin, M., Remans, T., Jozefczak, M., Keunen, E., Gielen, H., et al. Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals, 23 (2010): 927-940.

Davis, M. A., Murphy, J. F. and Boyd, R. S. Nickel increases susceptibility of a nickel hyperaccumulator to Turnip mosaic virus. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001): 85-90.

Dilek, D. y. Effects of salinity on growth and nickel accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba (Lemnaceae). J. Hazard. Mater. 147 (2007): 74-77.

Dushenkov, V., Kumar, P. B. A. N., Motto, H. and Raskin, I. Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environ. Sci. Technol, 29 (1995): 1239-1245.

Eapen, S., Singh, S. and D'Souza, S. F. Advances in development of transgenic plants for remediation of xenobiotic pollutants. Biotechnol Adv, 25 (2007): 442-451.

Eapen, S., Suseelan, K. N., Tivarekar, S., Kotwal, S. A. and Mitra, R. Potential for rhizofiltration of uranium using hairy root cultures of Brassica juncea and Chenopodium amaranticolor. Environ. Res, 91 (2003):127-133.

Ebbs, S. and Kochian, L.) Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: Implications for phytoremediation. J. Environ. Qual, 26 (1997): 776-781.

Ebbs, S. D., Lasat, M. M., Brady, D. J., Cornish, J., Gordon, R. and Kochian, L. V. Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from a contaminated Soil. J. Environ. Qual, 26 (1997): 1424-1430.

Esmaeilzadeh, M., Karbassi, A. and Moattar, F. Heavy metals in sediments and their bioaccumulation in Phragmites australis in the Anzali wetland of Iran. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol, 34 (2016): 810-820.

Fogarty, R. V., Dostalek, P., Patzak, M., Votruba, J., Tel-Or, E. and Tobin, J. M. Metal removal by immobilised and non-immobilised Azolla filiculoides. Biotechnology techniques. 13 (1999): 533-538.

Ganjali, S., Tayebi, L., Atabati, H. and Mortazavi, S. Phragmites australis as a heavy metal bioindicator in the Anzali wetland of Iran. Toxicol Environ Chem, 96 (2014): 1428-1434.

Getinet, A., Rakow, G. and Downey, R. K. Agronomic performance and seed quality of Ethiopian mustard in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci, 76 (1996): 387-392.

Ghawi, S. K., Shen, Y., Niranjan, K. and Methven, L. Consumer acceptability and sensory profile of cooked broccoli with mustard seeds added to improve chemoprotective properties. J. Food Sci, 79 (2014): S1756-S1762.

Gisbert, C., Clemente, R., Navarro-Aviñó, J., Baixauli, C., Ginér, A., Serrano, R., et al. Tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals by Brassicaceae species grown in contaminated soils from Mediterranean regions of Spain. Environ. Exp. Bot, 56 (2006): 19-27.

Green, S. K. and Deng, T. C. Turnip mosaic virus strains in cruciferous hosts in Taiwan. Plant Dis, 69 (1985): 28-31.

Grispen, V. M. J., Nelissen, H. J. M. and Verkleij, J. A. C. Phytoextraction with Brassica napus L.: A tool for sustainable management of heavy metal contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut, 144 (2006): 77-83.

Groudeva, V. I., Groudev, S. N. and Doycheva, A. S. Bioremediation of waters contaminated with crude oil and toxic heavy metals. Int. J. Miner. Process, 62 (2001): 293-299.

Grubben, G. J. H. and Denton, C. M. Vegetables. Wageningen (Netherlands): PROTA Foundation, (2004).

Guerrero-Díaz, M. M., Lacasa-Martínez, C. M., Hernández-Piñera, A., Martínez-Alarcón, V. and Lacasa-Plasencia, A. (2013) Evaluation of repeated biodisinfestation using Brassica carinata pellets to control Meloidogyne incognita in protected pepper crops, 11 (2013): 9.

Hagiwara-Komoda, Y., Choi, S. H., Sato, M., Atsumi, G., Abe, J., Fukuda, J., et al. Truncated yet functional viral protein produced via RNA polymerase slippage implies underestimated coding capacity of RNA viruses. Sci. Rep, 6 (2016): 21411.

Hamlyn, B. M. G. Quantitative studies on the transmission of cabbage black ring spot virus by Myzus persicae (sulz.). Ann. Appl. Biol, 40 (1953): 393-402.

Haq, Q. M. R., Srivastava, K. M., Raizada, R. K., Singh, B. P., Jain, R. K., Mishra, A., et al. Biological, serological and coat protein properties of a strain of Turnip mosaic virus causing a mosaic disease of Brassica campestris and B. juncea in India. J. Phytopathol, 140 (1994): 55-64.

Hardwick, N. V., Davies, J. M. L. and Wright, D. M. The incidence of three virus diseases of winter oilseed rape in England and Wales in the 1991/92 and 1992/93 growing seasons. Plant Pathol, 43 (1994): 1045-1049.

Hou, Y. X., Wang, Y., Li, H. Y., Li, X. X. and Hu, X. J. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in Phragmites australis in the wetland of Liaohe river estuary. Adv. Mat. Res. 356-360 (2012): 994-997.

Irtelli, B. and Navari-Izzo, F. Uptake kinetics of different arsenic species by Brassica carinata. Plant Soil, 303 (2008): 105-113.

Irtelli, B., Petrucci, W. A. and Navari-Izzo, F. Nicotianamine and histidine/proline are, respectively, the most important copper chelators in xylem sap of Brassica carinata under conditions of copper deficiency and excess. J. Exp. Bot, 60 (2009): 269-277.

Jastrzębska, M., Cwynar, P., Polechoński, R. and Skwara, T. The content of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn) in Common reed (Phragmites australis) and floating pondweed (Potamogeton natans). Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 19 (2010): 243-246.

Jenner, C. E., Tomimura, K., Ohshima, K., Hughes, S. L. and Walsh, J. A. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus P3 and cylindrical inclusion proteins are separately required to overcome two Brassica napus resistance genes. Virology, 300 (2002): 50-59.

Jenner, C. E. and Walsh, J. A. Pathotypic variation in turnip mosaic virus with special reference to European isolates. Plant Pathol, 45 (1996): 848-856.

Jenner, C. E., Wang, X., Tomimura, K., Ohshima, K., Ponz, F. and Walsh, J. A. The dual role of the Potyvirus P3 protein of Turnip mosaic virus as a symptom and avirulence determinant in Brassicas. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 16 (2003): 777-784.

Kadri, A., Maiß, E., Amsharov, N., Bittner, A. M., Balci, S., Kern, K., et al. Engineered Tobacco mosaic virus mutants with distinct physical characteristics in planta and enhanced metallization properties. Virus Res, 157 (2011): 35-46.

Kamal, M., Ghaly, A. E., Mahmoud, N. and Côté, R. Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants. Environ. Int, 29 (2004): 1029-1039.

Kehoe, M. A., Coutts, B. A. and Jones, R. A. C. Resistance phenotypes in diverse accessions, breeding lines, and cultivars of three mustard species inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus. Plant Dis, 94 (2010): 1290-1298.

Kim, B. M., Suehiro, N., Natsuaki, T., Inukai, T. and Masuta, C. The P3 protein of Turnip mosaic virus can alone induce hypersensitive response-like cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana carrying TuNI. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 23 (2010): 144-152.

Lacerda, L. D., Freixo, J. L. and Coelho, S. M. The effect of Spartina alterniflora Loisel on trace metals accumulation in inter-tidal sediments. Mangroves Salt Marshes, 1 (1997): 201-209.

Lin, Z.-Q. and Terry, N. Selenium removal by constructed wetlands: Quantitative importance of biological volatilization in the treatment of selenium-laden agricultural drainage water. Environ. Sci. Technol, 37 (2003): 606-615.

Liu, D., Jiang, W., Liu, C., Xin, C. and Hou, W. Uptake and accumulation of lead by roots, hypocotyls and shoots of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.)]. Bioresour. Technol, 71 (2000): 273-277.

López-González, S., Aragonés, V., Daròs, J.-A., Sánchez, F. and Ponz, F. An infectious cDNA clone of a radish-infecting Turnip mosaic virus strain. Eur. J. Plant Pathol, 148 (2017): 207-211.

Macek, T., Kotrba, P., Svatos, A., Novakova, M., Demnerova, K. and Mackova, M. Novel roles for genetically modified plants in environmental protection. Trends Biotechnol, 26 (2008): 6-152.

Maleva, M. G., Nekrasova, G. F. and Bezel', V. S. The response of hydrophytes to environmental pollution with heavy metals. Russ. J. Ecol, 35 (2004): 230-235.

Marchiol, L., Sacco, P., Assolari, S. and Zerbi, G. Reclamation of polluted soil: Phytoremediation potential of crop-related Brassica Species. Water Air Soil Pollut, 158 (2004): 345-356.

Marillia, E.-F., Francis, T., Falk, K. C., Smith, M. and Taylor, D. C. Palliser's promise: Brassica carinata, An emerging western Canadian crop for delivery of new bio-industrial oil feedstocks. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol, 3 (2014): 65-74.

McGrath, S. P., Zhao, F. J. and Lombi, E. Plant and rhizosphere processes involved in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Plant Soil, 232 (2001): 207-214.

McMillan, D. A. Jets test fuel from new oilseed. In: The western producer. Saskatchewan,Canada: Producer, (2012): https://www.producer.com/2012/01/jets-test-fuel-from-new-oilseed%E2%80%A9/.

Meagher, R. B. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol, 3(2000): 153-162.

Mingochi, D. S. and Jensen, A. Reaction of rape and Ethiopian mustard selections to blackrot and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Zambia. Acta Hortic, 218 (1988): 289-294.

Mingot, A., Valli, A., Rodamilans, B., San León, D., Baulcombe, D. C., García, J. A., et al. The P1N-PISPO trans-frame gene of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Potyvirus is produced during virus infection and functions as an RNA silencing suppressor. J. Virol, 90 (2016): 3543-3557.

Mkandawire, M., Taubert, B. and Dudel, E. G. Resource manipulation in uranium and arsenic attenuation by Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in tailing water of a former uranium mine. Water Air Soil Pollut, 166 (2005): 83-101.

Moreno, F. N., Anderson, C. W. N., Stewart, R. B. and Robinson, B. H. Phytofiltration of mercury-contaminated water: Volatilisation and plant-accumulation aspects. Environ. Exp. Bot, 62 (2008): 78-85.

Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D. and Sreekanth, T. V. M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8(2010): 199-216.

Nedelkoska, T. V. and Doran, P. M. Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by hairy roots of Thlaspi caerulescens. Biotechnol. Bioeng, 67 (2000): 607-615.

Neilson, S. and Rajakaruna, N. Roles of rhizospheric processes and plant physiology in applied phytoremediation of contaminated soils using Brassica oilseeds. In: The plant family Brassicaceae: Contribution towards phytoremediation. (Anjum, N. A., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M. E., Duarte, A. C., Umar, S. and Khan, N. A., eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2012): 213-237.

Newson, W. R., Kuktaite, R., Hedenqvist, M. S., Gällstedt, M. and Johansson, E. Oilseed meal based plastics from plasticized, hot pressed Crambe abyssinica and Brassica carinata residuals. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 90 (2013): 1229-1237.

Nguyen, H. D., Tomitaka, Y., Ho, S. Y. W., Duchêne, S., Vetten, H.-J., Lesemann, D., et al. Turnip mosaic potyvirus probably first spread to Eurasian Brassica crops from wild orchids about 1000 years ago. Plos One, 8 (2013): e55336.

Nikolaidis, N. P., Koussouris, T., Murray, T. E., Bertahas, I., Diapoulis, A. and Gritzalis, K. Seasonal variation of nutrients and heavy metals in Phragmites australis of lake Trichonis, Greece. Lake Reservoir Manag, 12 (1996): 364-370.

Núñez, S. E. R., Negrete, J. L. M., Rios, J. E. A., Hadad, H. R. and Maine, M. A. Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulation in Macrophytes growing in Tropical wetlands. Water Air Soil Pollut, 216 (2011): 361-373.

Ohshima, K., Tanaka, M. and Sako, N. The complete nucleotide sequence of turnip mosaic virus RNA Japanese strain. Arch. Virol, 141 (1996): 1991-1997.

Ohshima, K., Tomitaka, Y., Wood, J. T., Minematsu, Y., Kajiyama, H., Tomimura, K., et al. Patterns of recombination in turnip mosaic virus genomic sequences indicate hotspots of recombination. J. Gen. Virol, 88 (2007): 298-315.

Ohshima, K., Yamaguchi, Y., Hirota, R., Hamamoto, T., Tomimura, K., Tan, Z. Y., et al. Molecular evolution of Turnip mosaic virus: evidence of host adaptation, genetic recombination and geographical spread. J. Gen. Virol, 83 (2002): 1511-1521.

Padmavathiamma, P. and Li, L. Phytoremediation technology: hyper-accumulation metals in plants. Water Air Soil Pollut, 184 (2007): 105-126.

Pandey, V. C. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from fly ash pond by Azolla caroliniana. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 82 (2012): 8-12.

Pang, H.-J., Lyu, S.-S., Chen, X.-G., Jin, A.-M., Loh, P.-S., Li, F., et al. Heavy metal distribution and accumulation in the Spartina alterniflora from the Andong tidal flat, Hangzhou Bay, China. Environ. Earth Sci, 76 (2017): 627.

Park, J., Kim, J.-Y. and Kim, K.-W. (2012) Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals using Brassica napus. Geosystem Engineering 15, 10-18.

Parveen, T., Mehrotra, I. and Rao, M. S. Impact of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on turnip (Brassica rapa). Journal of Plant Interactions, 9 (2014): 200-211.

Pilon-Smits, E. and Pilon, M. Phytoremediation of metals using transgenic plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci, 21 (2002): 439-456.

Pinto, A. P., Alves, A. S., Candeias, A. J., Cardoso, A. I., de Varennes, A., Martins, L. L., et al. Cadmium accumulation and antioxidative defences in Brassica juncea L. Czern, Nicotiana tabacum L. and Solanum nigrum L. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 89 (2009): 661-676.

Provvidenti, R. Turnip mosaic potyvirus. In Viruses of Plants. Wallingford, UK: CAB International Edited by A. A. Brunt, K. Crabtree, M. J. Dallwitz, A. J. Gibbs & L. Watson. (1996): 1340–1343.

Purakayastha, T. J., Viswanath, T., Bhadraray, S., Chhonkar, P. K., Adhikari, P. P. and Suribabu, K. Phytoextraction of zinc, copper, nickel and lead from a contaminated soil by different species of Brassica. Int. J. Phytoremediation, 10 (2008): 61-72.

Quartacci, M. F., Irtelli, B., Baker, A. J. M. and Navari-Izzo, F. The use of NTA and EDDS for enhanced phytoextraction of metals from a multiply contaminated soil by Brassica carinata. Chemosphere, 68 (2007): 1920-1928.

Quartacci, M. F., Irtelli, B., Gonnelli, C., Gabbrielli, R. and Navari-Izzo, F. Naturally-assisted metal phytoextraction by Brassica carinata: Role of root exudates. Environ. Pollut, 157 (2009): 2697-2703.

Rahman, M., Haq, N. and Williams, I. D. Phytoaccumulation of arsenic, cadmium and lead by Brassica juncea parents and their F1 hybrids. J of Environ Protec, 07 (2016): 613-622.

Raskin, I. Plant genetic engineering may help with environmental cleanup. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 93 (1996): 3164-3166.

Reeves, R. D. Hyperaccumulation of trace elements by plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2006): 25-52.

Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Borhidi, A. and BerazaÍN, R. Nickel hyperaccumulation in the serpentine flora of Cuba. Ann. Bot, 83 (1999): 29-38.

Reichenauer, T. G. and Germida, J. J. Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater. Chem Sus Chem, 1 (2008): 708-717.

Revers, F. and García, J. A. Molecular biology of potyviruses. Adv. Virus Res, 92 (2015), 101-199.

Riechmann, J. L., Laín, S. and García, J. A. (1992) Highlights and prospects of potyvirus molecular biology. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 1-16.

Sánchez, F., Manrique, P., Mansilla, C., Lunello, P., Wang, X., Rodrigo, G., et al. Viral strain-specific differential alterations in Arabidopsis developmental patterns. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact, 28 (2015): 1304-1315.

Sánchez, F., Rodríguez-Mateos, M., Touriño, A., Fresno, J., Gómez-Campo, C., Jenner, C. E., et al. Identification of new isolates of Turnip mosaic virus that cluster with less common viral strains. Arch. Virol, 152 (2007): 1061-1068.

Sánchez, F., Wang, X., Jenner, C. E., Walsh, J. A. and Ponz, F. Strains of Turnip mosaic potyvirus as defined by the molecular analysis of the coat protein gene of the virus. Virus Res, 94 (2003): 33-43.

Sankaran, R. P. and Ebbs, S. D. Transport of Cd and Zn to seeds of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) during specific stages of plant growth and development. Physiol. Plant, 132 (2008): 69-78.

Schippers, R. R. M., N.A. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands, (2007).

Schneider, T., Haag-Kerwer, A., Maetz, M., Niecke, M., Povh, B., Rausch, T., et al. Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in Cd-accumulating Brassica juncea L. Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B, 158 (1999): 329-334.

Seth, C. S., Misra, V. and Chauhan, L. K. S. Accumulation, detoxification, and genotoxicity of heavy metals in Indian mustard (Brassica Juncea L.). Int. J. Phytoremediation, 14 (2012): 1-13.

Shattuck, V. I. and Stobbs, L. W. Evaluation of rutabaga cultivars for Turnip mosaic virus resistance and the inheritance of resistance. HortScience, 22 (1987): 935-937.

Shingu, Y., Yokomizo, S., Kimura, M., Ono, Y., Yamaguchi, I. and Hamamoto, H. Conferring cadmium resistance to mature tobacco plants through metal-adsorbing particles of tomato mosaic virus vector. Plant Biotechnol. J, 4 (2006): 281-288.

Singh, A. and Fulekar, M. H. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Brassica juncea in aquatic and terrestrial environment. In: The plant family Brassicaceae: contribution towards phytoremediation. (Anjum, N. A., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M. E., Duarte, A. C., Umar, S. and Khan, N. A., eds.), (2012): 153-169.

Singh, O. V. and Jain, R. K. Phytoremediation of toxic aromatic pollutants from soil. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 63 (2003): 128-135.

Spence, N. J., Phiri, N. A., Hughes, S. L., Mwaniki, A., Simons, S., Oduor, G., et al. Economic impact of Turnip mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus and Beet mosaic virus in three Kenyan vegetables. Plant Pathol, 56 (2007): 317-323.

Suehiro, N., Natsuaki, T., Watanabe, T. and Okuda, S. An important determinant of the ability of Turnip mosaic virus to infect Brassica spp. and/or Raphanus sativus is in its P3 protein. J. Gen. Virol, 85 (2004): 2087-2098.

Suseela, M. R., Sinha, S., Singh, S. and Saxena, R. Accumulation of chromium and scanning electron microscopic studies in Scirpus lacustris L. treated with metal and tannery effluent. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 68 (2002); 540-548.

Takeda, R., Sato, Y., Yoshimura, R., Komemushi, S. and Sawabe, A. Accumulation of heavy metals by Cucumber and Brassica juncea under different cultivation conditions. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy. Massachusetts: California: The Barkeley

Electronic Press, (2010): 293-299.

Tan, Z., Gibbs, A. J., Tomitaka, Y., Sánchez, F., Ponz, F. and Ohshima, K. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus genomes that have adapted to Raphanus sativus. J. Gen. Virol, 86 (2005): 501-510.

Tomimura, K., Gibbs, A. J., Jenner, C. E., Walsh, J. A. and Ohshima, K. The phylogeny of Turnip mosaic virus; comparisons of 38 genomic sequences reveal a Eurasian origin and a recent ‘emergence’ in east Asia. Mol. Ecol, 12 (2003): 2099-2111.

Tomlinson, J. A. Epidemiology and control of virus diseases of vegetables. Ann. Appl. Biol, 110 (1987): 661-681.

U, N. Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Jap. J. Bot, 7, (1935): 389-452.

Upatham, E. S., Boonyapookana, B., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P. and Parkpoomkamol, K. Biosorption of Cadmium and Chromium in duckweed Wolffia globosa. Int. J. Phytoremediation,4 (2002): 73-86.

Urcuqui-Inchima, S., Haenni, A.-L. and Bernardi, F. Potyvirus proteins: a wealth of functions. Virus Res, 74 (2001): 157-175.

Verma, R. and Suthar, S. Lead and cadmium removal from water using duckweed – Lemna gibba L.: Impact of pH and initial metal load. Alexandria Eng. J, 54 (2015): 1297-1304.

Vymazal, J. and Březinová, T. Accumulation of heavy metals in aboveground biomass of Phragmites australis in horizontal flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Chem. Eng. J, 290 (2016): 232-242.

Walsh, J. A. (1986) Viruses in oilseed rape, a potential threat to vegetable crops. Asp. Appl. Biol. 12, 59–68.

Walsh, J. A. Genetic control of immunity to turnip mosaic virus in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and the effect of foreign isolates of the virus. Ann. Appl. Biol, 115 (1989): 89-99.

Walsh, J. A. and Jenner, C. E. Turnip mosaic virus and the quest for durable resistance. Mol. Plant Pathol, 3 (2002): 289-300.

Walsh, J. A., Rusholme, R. L., Hughes, S. L., Jenner, C. E., Bambridge, J. M., Lydiate, D. J., et al. Different classes of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in Brassica rapa. Eur. J. Plant Pathol, 108 (2002): 15-20.

Walsh, J. A. and Tomlinson, J. A. Viruses infecting winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera). Ann. Appl. Biol, 107 (1985): 485-495.

Wang, H. and Jia, Y. (2009) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Phragmites australis cultivated in synthesized substrates. J. Environ. Sci. 21, 1409-1414.

Warwick, S. I., Gugel, R. K., McDonald, T. and Falk, K. C. Genetic variation of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) germplasm in western Canada. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol, 53 (2006): 297-312.

Watanabe, M. E. (1997) Phytoremediation on the brink of commercialization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 182A-186A.

Weis, J. S. and Weis, P. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environ. Int, 30 (2004): 685-700.

Weis, J. S., Windham, L. and Weis, P. Patterns of metal accumulation in leaves of the tidal marsh plants Spartina alterniflora Loisel and Phragmites australis Cav. Trin ex Steud. Over the growing season. Wetlands, 23 (2003): 459-465.

Xie, W.-Y., Huang, Q., Li, G., Rensing, C. and Zhu, Y.-G. Cadmium accumulation in the rootless macrophyte Wolffia globosa and its potential for phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytoremediation, 15 (2013): 385-397.

Yang, X. E., Long, X. X., Ye, H. B., He, Z. L., Calvert, D. V. and Stoffella, P. J. Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in a new Zn-hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedum alfredii Hance). Plant Soil, 259 (2004): 181-189.

Ye, Z. H., Baker, A. J. M., Wong, M. H. and Willis, A. J. Zinc, Lead and Cadmium tolerance, uptake and accumulation by the Common reed,Phragmites australis(Cav.) trin. ex steudel. Ann. Bot, 80 (1997): 363-370.

Zaier, H., Mudarra, A., Kutscher, D., de la Campa, M. R. F., Abdelly, C. and Sanz-Medel, A. Induced lead binding phytochelatins in Brassica juncea and Sesuvium portulacastrum investigated by orthogonal chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 671 (2010): 48-54.

Zhao, M. and Duncan, J. R. Removal and recovery of nickel from aqueous solution and electroplating rinse effluent using Azolla filiculoides. Process Biochem, 33 (1998): 249-255.

Zheng, J., Hintelmann, H., Dimock, B. and Dzurko, M. S. Speciation of arsenic in water, sediment, and plants of the Moira watershed, Canada, using HPLC coupled to high resolution ICP–MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem, 377 (2003): 14-24.

Zhu, Y. L., Pilon-Smits, E. A. H., Tarun, A. S., Weber, S. U., Jouanin, L. and Terry, N. Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Indian mustard is enhanced by overexpressing γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase. Plant Physiol, 121 (1999): 1169-1177.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.6.2

Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2018 Annals of Plant Sciences

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.